charcoal
Experiments with Lime Mortars containing Charcoal and Ashes
Introduction
While researching ancient lime mortar technology, we encountered a number of cases in published archaeological studies that refer to the use of ashes and charcoal as aggregates in mixtures.
Charcoal
Fuel made of black carbon formed by heating wood without air.
Definition source: Chambers 21st Century Dictionary
From the Soil to the Iron Product - the Technology of Medieval Iron Smelting
***Nowadays, the development of technology rushes past the people of the machine-based technical civilisation, therefore they fail to understand the technological wonders that surround them. One of these is the ancient technology of iron smelting...
How did they warm the houses in the early Middle Ages (NL)?
With wood and turf. A hearth can be found in virtually all excavated houses. Often this is a round spot with a lot of charcoal and orange burned clay. The hearths sometimes were constructed on small platforms...